emerge is the definitive command-line interface to the Portage system. It is primarily used for installing packages, and can automatically handle any dependencies that the desired package has. There are at least three distributions which widely use this tool: Calculate, Funtoo and Gentoo Linux.
emerge is the main command-line tool of the portage software suite, which is the package management system used by the linux distribution gentoo and its derivatives, Calculate and funtoo Linux. Portage manages BSD-inspired ports.
The Gentoo/Alt project works on porting Portage to other operating systems using ports collections (freebsd, netbsd, openbsd, osx).
Gentoo documentation: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Handbook.
Gentoo wiki: http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Portage
Man page: http://www.linuxmanpages.com/man1/emerge.1.php