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Why is the command md5sum <<< 'ddd' (output: d6d88f2e50080b9602da53dac1102762 -) right, and md5sum << 'ddd' not?

What does <<< mean?

Gilles 'SO- stop being evil'
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Jean Paulus
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  • [What's the difference between <<, <<< and < < in bash?](https://askubuntu.com/questions/678915/whats-the-difference-between-and-in-bash) – Nick Dong Feb 21 '23 at 02:42

2 Answers2

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The <<< starts a “here string”: The string is expanded and fed to the program’s stdin. (In your case, there is not much of expansion happening.) It is equivalent to this:

echo ddd | md5sum

On the other hand, << starts a here document. All the following lines up to one containing the marker ddd will comprise the input of the program. (You should use a marker that is not likely to appear in your data.) You could achieve the same effect as above like this:

md5sum <<END
ddd
END

There is one difference between <<END and <<'END': Without the quotes, any variables, escape sequences etc. in the here document will be expanded as usual.

chirlu
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    Where it's not equivalent is that except in `rc`, `<<<` (like `<<`) uses a temporary file so can be used by commands that `lseek` their stdin. – Stéphane Chazelas May 19 '13 at 22:05
  • @Stéphane Chazelas, where this temporary is created? I've tried to start using `<<` and in other window typed `ls -la` in same folder and have not seen any new files (Mac OS). – Alex Martian Jan 10 '20 at 06:39
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    @AlexeiMartianov, it's deleted after it's opened but before it's being used which ensures it's not left behind, so it's only visible on the file system for a very short time. On Linux `ls -ld /proc/self/fd/0 <<< text` will show you its original path with a `" (deleted)"` appended. It's generally in `$TMPDIR` or `/tmp` if `$TMPDIR` is not set. `zsh` uses `$TMPPREFIX` instead (a prefix, not a directory). – Stéphane Chazelas Jan 10 '20 at 06:54
  • So would it be correct to say that a here-string `<<<` doesn't need closing, and is typically all on a single line? – Sridhar Sarnobat May 12 '22 at 07:12
41

<<< introduces a here string: the string after <<< is passed as input to the command. This originates in Byron Rakitzis's implementation of rc (a Plan 9 shell) for Unix, and is also present in zsh, ksh93, mksh, yash and bash.

<< introduces a here document: subsequent lines of the shell script are passed as input to the command, and the string after << is a terminator. Here documents work in all Bourne-style shells (Bourne, POSIX, ash, bash, ksh, zsh, …), C-style shells (csh, tcsh), and shells derived from the Plan 9 shell (rc, es, akanga).

Stéphane Chazelas
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Gilles 'SO- stop being evil'
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    No, `<<<` is not a `ksh` extension, the path is `rc` -> `zsh` -> `ksh93` -> `bash` (`ksh` release notes acknowledge for once borrowing the feature from `zsh`). `<<` also works in `rc` style shells – Stéphane Chazelas May 19 '13 at 21:52
  • There's a difference between the `rc` and `zsh` `<<<` though in that `rc`'s doesn't include a trailing newline character and doesn't use a temp file (uses a pipe and an extra process feeding it at least in the port to Linux). – Stéphane Chazelas May 19 '13 at 22:02