Can't write SD card partition table

Question

I can't write the partition table on an SD card. IOCTL error. I can't delete it, either, neither in Linux using parted, cfdisk, or fdisk, nor in Windows, which just says format didn't work. The partition table just will not go away, so I'm pretty sure those sectors of the disk have just failed for writing, but can still be read somehow.

Can I write the partition table to a different place on the disk?

The SD card is a 32GB Sandisk which I flashed with k3os.

More info:

TestDisk 7.1, Data Recovery Utility, July 2019
Christophe GRENIER <[email protected]>
https://www.cgsecurity.org

Disk /dev/sdd - 31 GB / 29 GiB - CHS 30437 64 32
Analyse cylinder  1084/30436: 03%
Read error at 1083/1/1 (lba=2218016)

check_FAT: Unusual number of reserved sectors 4 (FAT), should be 1.
  FAT16 >32M               1   0  1    56  63 32     114688 [NO NAME]
  Linux                   58   0  1  1010  63 32    1951744 [root]

I tried writing zeroes to the first 512 bytes, but this was the result:

root@amnesia:~# dd if=/dev/sdd bs=512 count=1|hexdump
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
0000000 b8fa 1000 d08e 00bc b8b0 0000 d88e c08e
0000010 befb 7c00 00bf b906 0200 a4f3 21ea 0006
0000020 be00 07be 0438 0b75 c683 8110 fefe 7507
0000030 ebf3 b416 b002 bb01 7c00 80b2 748a 8b01
512 bytes copied, 0.0029971 s, 171 kB/s
0000040 024c 13cd 00ea 007c eb00 00fe 0000 0000
0000050 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
*
00001b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 e765 fb8c 0000 0080
00001c0 1001 030c 8fe0 0800 0000 c000 0001 0000
00001d0 a0c1 0383 ffe0 d000 0001 c800 001d 0000
00001e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
00001f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 aa55
0000200

It really seems like I can't write to the first sector. Also, the read error at cylinder 1083 has been consistent every time I use testdisk on this card. Btw, I changed the disk geometry from 4 to 64 heads to make testdisk happy.

Smartctl errored out with no useful info. lsblk showed this:

root@amnesia:~# lsblk2 /dev/sdd
 SIZE FSTYPE MODEL          NAME   SERIAL       UUID
29.7G        SD_Card_Reader sdd    000000000820 
  56M vfat                  ├─sdd1              D013-2C4C
 953M ext4                  └─sdd2              a3198349-8ae7-47cd-8ed7-26e09ba8146b

A tool called sdtool revealed "Write protection state: Off".

Is this just a bad sd card that I can't rescue?

Answer 1

I'm pretty sure those sectors of the disk have just failed for writing, but can still be read somehow.

That's not a failure mode of flash memory with an flash abstraction layer, like SD cards. Writing flash memory requires erasing of a page, then rewriting the whole page, with the data modified.
Because that can only be done a finite amount of times, usually, when erasing a page, the abstraction layer just picks a different, already erased page and maps it to the same address to implement wear leveling. This conversely means that your flash memory is physically larger than what your operating system sees – simply because the addresses on the physical memory have nothing to do with the addresses your operating system sees, and there always has to be a percentage of unused blocks that can be used when a formerly used block gets erased.

Only when pages have been erased so often that they're not reliable anymore, they are removed from the pool of available pages. When that happens often enough, the memory becomes "read only", because no page can be erased anymore without risking it becoming a data loser.

Since you don't complain about the device being impossible to read elsewhere, that's not the case here.

So, I'm pretty sure that this is either a firmware protection (the flash controller in the SD card is a microcontroller running firmware, and so is your card reader) feature that locks the addresses pointing to your partition table (never seen that, but it's possible), or your operating system stopping you from doing that.

So, assuming that it's not the OS, seeing you've tried a couple, I'd assume it's some firmware stopping you. Check whether there's a specific little slider on the side of your card that might be in the wrong position!

Can I write the partition table to a different place on the disk?

You can write anything anywhere on the memory device (it's not really a disk ;)!) but a partition table only works as partition table at the very beginning of the device. So, no, not in the way you meant this question.

Answer 2

what I would try using linux is this

lsblk

# identify the sd card, be sure it is what u think it is by removing then running
# lsblk again and seeing that not there, then reconnecting.

# also

alias lsblk2='lsblk -o size,fstype,model,name,serial,uuid'

lsblk2

# that will print out more useful info

# then, for example, if your sd card is   /dev/sdb

dd   if=/dev/zero   of=/dev/sdb   bs=512   count=1

if that dd command does not work and results in error when writing simple zeros to your sd card then you got other things going on, like was mentioned in the other answer (which is over my head). You mentioned cannot write partition table but did not elaborate... there's many utilities out there that oftentimes do not work and can lead you down a path of wrong conclusions. Doing that dd command will also effectively clear out any existing partition table on the sd card.

# to create a partition table it would be this command,
# again assuming /dev/sdb is your sd card for example

parted /dev/sdb mklabel gpt

# I have never had this parted command fail on me

Another diagnostic to use is smartctl --xall /dev/sdb to access the values of the sdcard showing its health which may help you understand if the sd card actually has a problem, particularly the wear level.

https://superuser.com/questions/1064119/usb-flash-drives-or-sd-cards-with-s-m-a-r-t

Answer 3

use the command lsblk to find the block where your sd card is.

followed by fdisk to do disk partitioning.

Then try partprobe or hwprobe to find additional information about the partitions.