When the apple-mfi-fastcharge driver is compiled into the kernel, as it is in Arch Linux, it will automatically be loaded when plugging in an iPhone. This may be verified by running sudo dmesg -w and verifying that the following message appears:
usbcore: registered new device driver apple-mfi-fastcharge
(note: this will only happen once per boot. Run sudo dmesg | grep apple-mfi-fastcharge to see if it has been loaded at all in the past)
Now, you may tell the driver to enable fast charging:
sudo tee /sys/class/power_supply/apple_mfi_fastcharge/charge_type <<< Fast
You will need to do this every time the device is unplugged and plugged back in. To avoid that, you may create a udev rule by creating the file /etc/udev/rules.d/99-iphone-fastcharge.rules with the following contents:
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ACTION=="add", ENV{ID_MODEL}=="iPhone", RUN+="/usr/bin/env sh -c 'echo Fast > /sys/class/power_supply/apple_mfi_fastcharge/charge_type'"