I've written a udev rule which is run each time my device is mounted/dismounted.
However, in which Linux (Debian) error log should I check when debugging such rules?
You can change logging priority to "info" level or even "debug" by:
udevadm control --log-priority=info
Then you should see all logs in your system log. If you don't, then rsyslogd may not be configured to read kernel logs and you may still view the kernel logs using dmesg.
When you are done, bring it to default "err". See in /etc/udev/udev.conf what is your default logging level.
unbuffer udevadm monitor --environment
The use of unbuffer is optional, but when piping output to grep saves you a headache. By default output is buffered in 4k blocks, nothing will be printed until that buffer is full.
You didn't forget to reload the rules?
sudo udevadm control --reload