I've "solved" the following problem, but not in a desirable way.
First, mounting exFAT file systems in Linux was truly as simple as this site says.
The catch is, "as long as you are root."
A user would like to plug in his exFAT file system anytime, but attempting to do so results in:
mount.exfat /dev/sdc1 /media/exfat-device
ERROR: failed to open `/dev/sdc1'
This works as root, but I was able to solve this so that a user can mount it by adding the following line to fstab:
/dev/sdc1 /media/exfat-device exfat-fuse defaults 0 0
However, this is not desirable because it hardcodes sdc1 which assumes (incorrectly) that everything detected as sdc1 will always be exFAT. As an example I connected another non-exFAT drive which gives me no problems, and it's identified as sdc. Then I connect my exFAT device, which becomes sdd, making the fstab addition worthless.
What do I need to do, without giving the user any sudo privileges or elevated access whatsoever, so that any user can connect an exFAT device to that particular machine and read/write to it?