The only one which works is Fn+F5 (toggle touchpad), presumably because xf86-input-synaptics is installed. Fn+F1 prints a literal plus/minus sign ("±").
Installing samsung-tools and rebooting did not help.
A forum post indicates that it might have worked out of the box before, but not since 2011. Could it be related to UEFI?
Follow-up question after changing to BIOS mode.